Types of Impurities:
There are three types of beings:
1) Living beings, which are of two kinds:
A) Those which are filthy and impure (najas) like dogs and pigs and their derivatives, and birds and animals larger than the cat in their build, and are not lawful to be eaten. The urine, stool, sweat, semen, milk, mucous and vomit of this category of animate beings is considered filthy and impure.
Allah The Exalted said, 'Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure.' (6/145)
Ibn ‘Abbas reported that Allah’s Messenger (pbuh) prohibited the eating of all fanged beasts of prey, and all the birds having talons. (Muslim)
B) Pure and clean (Tahir):
there are three kinds of living beings considered clean and pure:
a. Humans and all parts of the human are clean, including semen, sweat, saliva, mucus, milk, and the wetness of the private part of the female.
The Prophet said, 'Subhan Allah! A believer never becomes impure.' (Bukhari)
As for urine, feces, pre-seminal fluid (Madhi), prostate fluid (Wadi) and blood, they are impure.
pre-seminal fluid (Madhi): is a thin white fluid which appears when aroused.
Narrated by Muslim that Ali said: “I used to excrete too much Madhi (preseminal fluid). So, I asked a man to ask the Messenger of Allah (Blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) about it. I was shy to do so because of my position with respect to his daughter. (Ali was the Prophet’s son in law). He said: “Make ablution and wash your penis. Sahl Ibn Hanif said: “ I used to make lots of Ghusl because of it. So I mentioned this to the Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) and he said: “ It is sufficient to take a handful of water and sprinkle it over your clothes wherever the fluid appears”.
prostate fluid (Wadi): is a thick white fluid that comes after urinating. Ibn 'Abbaas, said: "Maniyy discharge requires Ghusl. However, Mathi and Wadi only require performing Wudhoo' (ablution) and cleaning the private parts and part of the clothes it touched". ) (Al-Biyhaqi)
b. Animals which are lawful to eat, their urine, dung and droppings, sweat, semen, milk, mucus, vomit pre- seminal fluid and prostatic fluid is considered pure.
It is permissible to pray in a sheep pen, and the person who is praying would, in most cases, be unable to avoid getting in contact with its urine and feces.
The Prophet (pbuh) ordered the `Uranyeen to drink the urine and milk of the camels of charity, and he did not order them to wash their mouths or what else that gets in contact with it, and he did not point to its impurity, not even in the slightest; so its states upon the original ruling (i.e. being pure).
Also the Prophet (pbuh) made tawaf around the Ka`bah riding upon a camel, and most likely the place would get polluted [with urine or feces] during tawaf, and the Bedouins used to bring their camels into the masjid without being rebuked for that; so it indicates its purity.
c. Animals which are difficult for humans to avoid contact with (Pure to touch), but are not allowed to be eaten; such as the donkey, cat and mouse: only their saliva and sweat are not impure.
As for the evidences of these animals being permissible to be interactive with, Allah The Exalted said,
"And the horse and the mule and the donkey, they are for you to ride and a source of beauty. And He creates other things you do not know." (16/8)
Dawud ibn Salih ibn Dinar at-Tammar quoted his mother as saying that her mistress sent her with some pudding (harisah) to Aisha who was offering prayer. She made a sign to me to place it down. A cat came and ate some of it, but when Aisha finished her prayer, she ate from the place where the cat had eaten. She stated: The Messenger of Allah She added: I saw the Messenger of Allah said: performing ablution from the water left over by the cat. (Muslim)
Evidently the name of Abu Hurayrah, a major authority on hadith, literally translates to "cat man" or "father of cats". Both Abu Hurayrah and the Prophet (pbuh) enjoyed the presence of cats.
As for there meat being impure to eat, The Prophet (s.a.s.) prohibited the meat of horses and the mule and the donkey on the day of (the battle of) Khaibar.
Sheikh Muhammad bin Salih Al-‘Uthaimin said: “Also included (in the prohibition of impure animals) is that which is born an animal which may be eaten and one which may not, such as the Mule, because the mule is born of the donkey when it mates with a female horse, and the horse is permissible, while the donkey is forbidden. So when something is born of that which may be eaten and that which may not, the forbidden portion overcomes the permissible portion and it becomes forbidden.”
— Fatawa Islamiya, Vol. 6, p. 219
2) Dead beings: All dead beings are impure, Allah The Exalted said, 'Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure.' (6/145)
Except the dead of humans, fish, locusts, and those insects that do not have flowing blood, such as scorpions, ants and mosquitoes.
the Messenger (pbuh) upon describing sea water said, "Its (the sea) water is pure and its dead (animals) are lawful (i.e., they can be eaten without any prescribed slaughtering)."
(the five." At-Tirmizhi calls it hassan sahih, and al-Bukhari says it is sahih.)
the Messenger of Allah said, “We were allowed two dead animals and two (kinds of) blood. As for the two dead animals, they are fish and locust. As for the two bloods, they are liver and spleen.”
(Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, Ibn Majah, Ad-Daraqutni and Al-Bayhaqi)
3) Non-living beings. All inanimate things are pure, such as earth, stones and their likes, except for those specifically mentioned above as impure.
Note: All blood, pus and secretions from wounds are impure, but a small amount is excused during prayer, if it is from a being regarded as pure.
Blood that is pure is of two kinds: the blood of fish, and the blood that remains in meat after slaughtering a lawful animal.
Any part that is cut off a live animal, as well as their embryos are all impure.
Removal of impurities does not need a specific intention. Therefore, if rain cleans it [without one intending it], for instance, it becomes clean.
Touching a filthy and impure thing or stepping on it 'does not' invalidate the ablution, yet one must remove the impurity from the body, shoes or clothes.
Cleansing of Impurity is conditional upon the following:
It should be cleaned by pure water;
Allah the exalted says: 'from him and sent down water from the sky upon you, that thereby He might purify you' (8/10)
Allah the exalted also says: 'and We send down from the sky pure water' (25/48)
For more details on (The categories of water, refer to lesson- http://www.facebook.com/notes/basics-of-fiqh/basics-of-fiqh-the-book-of-purifacation-the-chapter-of-water/233453673338425)
The washed garment should be wrung and squeezed outside the water if it is a type which is wrung and squeezed;
The filth should be removed by scrubbing etc. if mere mashing is insufficient to remove it; authenticity reported by Imam Abu Da’ud and Baihaqi that a woman came to the Prophet (pbuh) and said “O Messenger of Allah, I don’t have but one outfit and I have my monthly period when I am wearing it, and sometimes I see blood on it. What should I do?” The Prophet (pbuh) replied: “After the menstrual cycle is over, wash the blood stained area and then you can pray with it.” The woman said “O Messenger of Allah, what if the blood traces don’t come out?” He replied: “It suffices for you to clean it with water, and the traces of blood will not harm you.”
If the impurities are those of the dog, the contaminated object should be washed seven times with water, and the eighth time with dirt or soap. The prophet (pbuh) said: “Tahour To purify (cleanse) the utensils belonging to one of you, if it has been licked by a dog, wash it seven times, using soil the first time.” (Muslim)
Water remaining after the Beasts have drunk from it: Based on an authentic Hadith reported by Abu Da’ud, At-Tirmithi, An-Nasa’i and Al- Haakim that the Prophet (pbuh) replied to a person who asked him about the purity of the water found in the open areas like ponds with the possibility of beasts drinking from them. The prophet (pbuh) answered: “If the quantity of the water is two Quillah (pots) or more, it does not carry any impurity.” This proves that the leftover water of beasts is impure, because if it were pure the Prophet (S.A.W.) would not have mentioned the minimum quantity of two pots or more as a condition for it to be pure.
Purifying the clothes from the male infant’s urine: This is performed by sprinkling water on it. The urine of a female infant needs to be washed. This is based on a Hadith reported by Bukhari, Abu Da’ud and An-Nasa’i that the Prophet (pbuh) said, “The urine of a baby girl should be washed off and the urine of a baby boy should be sprinkled (with water)”.
Furthermore it was mentioned in Hadith Ibn Majah that a woman asked Um Salamah (the Prophet’s wife) “I am a woman who makes my clothes extra long and I may walk on impure places.” Um Salamah replied that the Prophet (pbuh) said “touching pure ground after it will purify it.”
Purifying the bottom of shoes: This is performed by rubbing them against the ground as long as the remains of the impurity (Najassah) are removed. In an authentic Hadith reported by Imam Abu Da’ud that the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said: “If any of you step on impurities (Najassah) with his shoes, rubbing them against the soil will purify it.”
If a dog urinates on the ground: This can be purified by pouring water over it: Based on the Hadith reported by Bukhari & Muslim that a Bedouin came and urinated in the Masjid of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and he said to them: “Leave him alone and pour a bucket of water over his urine. You have been sent to make things easy and not to make them hard.” This opinion has been adopted by the scholars except by Imam Abu Hanifah who requires that in case the ground is solid, it needs to be dug and the impure soil removed.
Drying of the ground is its purification if the impurity is gone: Ibn Umar said that “dogs used to urinate in the Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) during his time and his companions did not pour any water on it (i.e. let it dry by itself).” (Bukhari)
Purifying the skin of a dead animal (not slaughtered according to the Islamic law):
It is not permissible to use the skins of dead animals for drink vessels or clothes, unless they are tanned and are pure animals (such as the animals that are permissible to eat)
Allah said, 'Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure - or it be [that slaughtered in] disobedience, dedicated to other than Allah.' (6-145)
In addition the Prophet (pbuh) said: “Tanning the skin of the dead animal (that died without being slaughtered) is its purification.”
(Narrated by Ibn Hibbaan & al-Daaraqutni classed as Sahih by Albani.)
It is also pure the Parts of animals on the outside, that has no blood flowing through it, such as wool, teeth, fur, and tusks, Allah said, ‘..and from their wool, fur and hair’ (16/80).
For more details on this category refer to lesson-http://www.facebook.com/notes/basics-of-fiqh/basics-of-fiqh-the-chapter-on-vessels-utensils/233226613361131
Useful Notes:
If the earth is soiled with impure solid impurities like feces, then it and all its remnants must be removed.
If removal of the filth and impurity is impossible except with water, then water must be used.
If the place of the impurity is not exactly known, the probable area and its surroundings are cleansed until it is certain that the impurity is removed.
A person who performs wudoo for voluntary prayers may make the obligatory prayers with the same wudoo.
The person who sleeps or passes gas does not have to perform istinjaa, since gas itself is not impure. One needs only to perform wudoo prior to the prayer and other acts of worship.
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